The chi-square test is designed to test the association between:

The chi-square test is designed to test the association between:

• A. Two categorical variables
• B. Two ordinal variables
• C. A categorical and a continuous variable
• D. Two continuous variables

Answer: (A)

The chi-square test of independence is used to examine whether two categorical variables are related. You start with a contingency table that shows how often each combination of category levels occurs. Under the assumption that the variables are independent, the expected count in each cell is derived from the row and column totals (E = (row total × column total) / grand total). The test statistic sums, across all cells, the squared difference between observed and expected counts divided by the expected count: a large value means the observed frequencies deviate from what independence would predict. A small value suggests the variables are not associated. The key point is that this approach relies on frequency data in categories, not on continuous measurements, and its interpretation centers on whether there is an association (dependence) between the two categorical variables.

The chi-square test of independence is used to examine whether two categorical variables are related. You start with a contingency table that shows how often each combination of category levels occurs. Under the assumption that the variables are independent, the expected count in each cell is derived from the row and column totals (E = (row total × column total) / grand total). The test statistic sums, across all cells, the squared difference between observed and expected counts divided by the expected count: a large value means the observed frequencies deviate from what independence would predict. A small value suggests the variables are not associated. The key point is that this approach relies on frequency data in categories, not on continuous measurements, and its interpretation centers on whether there is an association (dependence) between the two categorical variables.